TERAPIA COGNITIVO-COMPORTAMENTAL
A RELAÇÃO ENTRE OS ESQUEMAS DESADAPTATIVOS INICIAIS E AS CRENÇAS IRRACIONAIS COM OS TRANSTORNOS MENTAIS COMUNS N
Palavras-chave:
Esquemas desadaptativos, Crenças Irracionais, Ansiedade, Depressão, Estresse
Resumo
Os esquemas desadaptativos iniciais e as crenças irracionais são construtos da Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC) que se encontram relacionados a diversas formas de psicopatologias e demandas psicológicas. O presente artigo objetiva conhecer a relação entre esses construtos e os transtornos mentais comuns (ansiedade, depressão e estresse). Para tanto contou com uma amostra de 406 pessoas da população geral da cidade de Fortaleza-CE, que responderam um questionário contendo as medidas: Escala de Ansiedade, Depressão e Stress (EADS); Versão Brasileira do Questionário de Esquemas de Young (forma breve); e Escala de Crenças Irracionais (BFI). Em seguida, por meio de análises descritivas e correlações r de Pearson foi possível averiguar a relação entre os construtos. De forma geral, todos mostraram-se correlacionados de forma significativa. Especificamente, os esquemas desadaptativos apresentaram valores de correlação superiores às crenças irracionais quando relacionados aos transtornos mentais comuns e a ansiedade foi a variável com os menores valores de correlação. Conclui-se que os construtos propostos pela TCC têm muito a contribuir com a área da psicopatologia, beneficiando-se desses tanto de forma teórica, quanto em intervenções que visem a melhoria da saúde mental.
Referências
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CALVETE, E. Emotional abuse as a predictor of early maladaptive schemas in adolescents: Contributions to the development of depressive and social anxiety symptoms. Child abuse & neglect, v. 38, n. 4, p. 735-46, 2014.
CARLUCCI, L et al. Co-rumination, anxiety, and maladaptive cognitive schemas: when friendship can hurt. Psychology research and behavior management, v. 11, p. 133-9, 2018.
CASTELLA, K. et al. Emotion beliefs and cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder. Cognitive behaviour therapy, v. 44, n. 2, p. 128-141, 2015.
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COVIC, T. et al. Depression and anxiety in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: prevalence rates based on a comparison of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) and the hospital, Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). BMC psychiatry, v.12, n.1, p. 6-11, 2012.
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JORNAL DO COMMERCIO DE COMUNICAÇÃO. Brasileiro é segundo mais estressado do mundo, aponta pesquisa. 2017. Disponível em: < http://noticias.ne10.uol.com.br/saude/noticia/2017/01/11/brasileiro-e-segundo-mais-estressado-do-mundo-aponta-pesquisa-656538.php>. Acesso em: 06 de mai de 2018.
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MALOGIANNIS, I. A. et al. Schema therapy for patients with chronic depression: a single case series study. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, v.45, n. 3, p.319-329, 2014.
MALOUFF, J. M.; SCHUTTE, N. S. Development and validation of a measure of irrational belief. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, v. 54, n. 6, p. 860-872, 1986.
MCKAY, D. et al. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry research, v. 227, n. 1, p. 104-113, 2015.
NARDI, P. C. et al. PRHAVIDA Program preliminary outcomes in children with clinical scores of anxiety, depression and stress. Contextos Clínicos, v. 10, n. 1, p. 74-84, 2017.
PETRIDES, K. V. et al.Pathways into psychopathology: Modeling the effects of trait emotional intelligence, mindfulness, and irrational beliefs in a clinical sample. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, v. 24, n. 5, p. 1130-1141, 2017.
RANGÉ, B. et al. Psicoterapias cognitivo-comportamentais: um diálogo com a psiquiatria. 2. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2011. 800p.
SUNDAG, J. et al. The predictive value of early maladaptive schemas in paranoid responses to social stress. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, v. 25, n. 1, p. 65-75, 2018.
TRAUER, J. M. et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine, v. 163, n. 3, p. 191-204, 2015.
VAN WIJHE, C. et al. Irrational beliefs at work and their implications for workaholism. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, v. 23, p. 336–346, 2013.
VÎSLĂ, A. et al. Irrational beliefs and psychological distress: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, v. 85, n. 1, p. 8-15, 2016.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION [WHO]. Depression and other common mental disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017.
YOSHIDA, E. M. P.; COLUGNATI, F. A. B. Questionário de crenças irracionais e escala de crenças irracionais: propriedades psicométricas. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, v. 15, n. 2, p. 437-445, 2002.
YOUNG, J. Terapia Cognitiva para Transtornos da Personalidade: uma abordagem focada no Esquema. Porto Alegre: Artmed. 2003.
YOUNG, J. E. et al. Terapia do Esquema: Guia de técnicas cognitivo-comportamentais inovadoras. Porto Alegre: Artmed. 2008.
BALSAMO, M. et al. The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relation between co-rumination and depression in young adults. PloS one, v. 10, n. 10, p. 140-77, 2015.
BECK, A. T. et al. Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. Guilford Publications, 2015.
CALVETE, E. et al. A longitudinal test of the vulnerability-stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, v. 37, n. 1, p. 85-99, 2015.
CALVETE, E. Emotional abuse as a predictor of early maladaptive schemas in adolescents: Contributions to the development of depressive and social anxiety symptoms. Child abuse & neglect, v. 38, n. 4, p. 735-46, 2014.
CARLUCCI, L et al. Co-rumination, anxiety, and maladaptive cognitive schemas: when friendship can hurt. Psychology research and behavior management, v. 11, p. 133-9, 2018.
CASTELLA, K. et al. Emotion beliefs and cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder. Cognitive behaviour therapy, v. 44, n. 2, p. 128-141, 2015.
CAZASSA, M. J. Mapeamento de esquemas cognitivos: validação da versão brasileira do young schema questionnaire–short form. Master's thesis, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. 2007.
COVIC, T. et al. Depression and anxiety in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: prevalence rates based on a comparison of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) and the hospital, Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). BMC psychiatry, v.12, n.1, p. 6-11, 2012.
DAVIES, M. F. Irrational beliefs and unconditional self‐acceptance. II. Experimental evidence linking two key features of REBT. Journal of Rational‐Emotive & Cognitive‐Behavior Therapy, v.26, 89–100, 2008.
DAZA, P. et al. The depression anxiety stress scale-21: Spanish translation and validation with a Hispanic sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, v.24, n.3, p.195-205, 2002.
EHDE, D. M. et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for individuals with chronic pain: efficacy, innovations, and directions for research. American Psychologist, v. 69, n. 2, p. 153-168, 2014.
ELLIS, A. Rational‐emotive therapy. In: R. J. CORSIN; D. WEDDING (Eds.), Current psychotherapies. Itasca, IL: FE Peacock Publishers. 1989.
ELLIS, A. Thinking processes involved in irrational beliefs and their disturbed consequences. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, v.9, p.105–116, 1995.
FALCONE, E. M. O. Terapia do Esquema. In: B. RANGÉ (Org). Psicoterapias Cognitivos Comportamentais: um diálogo com a Psiquiatria. Porto Alegre: Synopsys. 2011.
FLINK, N. et al. Comparison of early maladaptive schemas between borderline personality disorder and chronic depression. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, p. 1-8, 2018.
HOFMANN, S. G.; OTTO, M. W. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: Evidence-Based and Disorder Specific Treatment Techniques. New York: Routledge, 2018.
HUR, J. et al. A Scenario-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Mobile App to Reduce Dysfunctional Beliefs in Individuals with Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Telemedicine and e-Health, v.24, n.10, p.1-7, 2018.
HYLAND, P. et al.Irrational beliefs in posttraumatic stress responses: A rational emotive behavior therapy approach. Journal of Loss and Trauma, v.20, p.171–188, 2015.
JASMINE, E.; KUMAR, G. V. Relationship between irrational beliefs and depression in late adolescence. Artha-Journal of Social Sciences, v. 9, n. 1, 2017.
JORNAL DO COMMERCIO DE COMUNICAÇÃO. Brasileiro é segundo mais estressado do mundo, aponta pesquisa. 2017. Disponível em: < http://noticias.ne10.uol.com.br/saude/noticia/2017/01/11/brasileiro-e-segundo-mais-estressado-do-mundo-aponta-pesquisa-656538.php>. Acesso em: 06 de mai de 2018.
KASPPER, L. da S.; SCHERMANN, L. B. Prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns e fatores associados em usuárias de um Centro de Referência de Assistência Social de Canoas/RS. Aletheia, v. 45, p. 168-176, 2014.
KOOPMANS et al. The Irrational Beliefs Inventory (IBI): Development and psychometric evaluation. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, v.10, p.15–27, 1994.
LOVIBOND, P. F. L.; LOVIBOND, S. H. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav. Res. Ther., v. 33, p.335-343, 1995.
MAHBOUBEH, M. Q. et al. The Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Esfahan Guidance School Teachers' Job Burnout. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, v. 3, n. 6, p. 68-73, 2015.
MALOGIANNIS, I. A. et al. Schema therapy for patients with chronic depression: a single case series study. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, v.45, n. 3, p.319-329, 2014.
MALOUFF, J. M.; SCHUTTE, N. S. Development and validation of a measure of irrational belief. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, v. 54, n. 6, p. 860-872, 1986.
MCKAY, D. et al. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry research, v. 227, n. 1, p. 104-113, 2015.
NARDI, P. C. et al. PRHAVIDA Program preliminary outcomes in children with clinical scores of anxiety, depression and stress. Contextos Clínicos, v. 10, n. 1, p. 74-84, 2017.
PETRIDES, K. V. et al.Pathways into psychopathology: Modeling the effects of trait emotional intelligence, mindfulness, and irrational beliefs in a clinical sample. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, v. 24, n. 5, p. 1130-1141, 2017.
RANGÉ, B. et al. Psicoterapias cognitivo-comportamentais: um diálogo com a psiquiatria. 2. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2011. 800p.
SUNDAG, J. et al. The predictive value of early maladaptive schemas in paranoid responses to social stress. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, v. 25, n. 1, p. 65-75, 2018.
TRAUER, J. M. et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine, v. 163, n. 3, p. 191-204, 2015.
VAN WIJHE, C. et al. Irrational beliefs at work and their implications for workaholism. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, v. 23, p. 336–346, 2013.
VÎSLĂ, A. et al. Irrational beliefs and psychological distress: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, v. 85, n. 1, p. 8-15, 2016.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION [WHO]. Depression and other common mental disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017.
YOSHIDA, E. M. P.; COLUGNATI, F. A. B. Questionário de crenças irracionais e escala de crenças irracionais: propriedades psicométricas. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, v. 15, n. 2, p. 437-445, 2002.
YOUNG, J. Terapia Cognitiva para Transtornos da Personalidade: uma abordagem focada no Esquema. Porto Alegre: Artmed. 2003.
YOUNG, J. E. et al. Terapia do Esquema: Guia de técnicas cognitivo-comportamentais inovadoras. Porto Alegre: Artmed. 2008.
Publicado
04-01-2019
Seção
Artigos - Psicologia
